Editorial
Welcome to the July 2014 homepage edition of i2P (Information to Pharmacists) E-Magazine.
At the commencement of 2014 i2P focused on the need for the entire profession of pharmacy and its associated industry supports to undergo a renewal and regeneration.
We are now half-way through this year and it is quite apparent that pharmacy leaders do not yet have a cohesive and clear sense of direction.
Maybe the new initiative by Woolworths to deliver clinical service through young pharmacists and nurses may sharpen their focus.
If not, community pharmacy can look forward to losing a substantial and profitable market share of the clinical services market.
Who would you blame when that happens?
But I have to admit there is some effort, even though the results are but meagre.
In this edition of i2P we focus on the need for research about community pharmacy, the lack of activity from practicing pharmacists and when some research is delivered, a disconnect appears in its interpretation and implementation.
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Health Politics
EPublications
News Flash
Newsflash Updates for July 2014
Regular weekly updates that supplement the regular monthly homepage edition of i2P.
Access and click on the title links that are illustrated
1Feature Contribution
Woolworths Pharmacy - Getting One Stage Closer
It started with “tablet” computers deployed on shelves inside the retailer Coles, specifically to provide information to consumers relating to pain management and the sale of strong analgesics.
This development was reported in i2P under the title “Coles Pharmacy Expansion and the Arid PGA Landscape”
In that article we reported that qualified information was a missing link that had come out of Coles market research as the reason to why it had not succeeded in dominating the pain market.
Of course, Woolworths was working on the same problem at the same time and had come up with a better solution - real people with good information.
5Intensive Exposition without crossing over with a supermarket
Editor's Note: The understanding of a pharmacy's presentation through the research that goes into the design of fixtures and fittings that highlight displays, is a never-ending component of pharmacy marketing.
Over the past decade, Australian pharmacy shop presentations have fallen behind in standards of excellence.
It does not take rocket science - you just have to open your eyes.
Recently, our two major supermarkets, Woolworths and Coles, have entered into the field of drug and condition information provision - right into the heartland of Australian Pharmacy.
The sure way to drive business away
I attended the Pregnancy, Baby and Children’s Expo in Brisbane recently.
What an eye and ear opening event that was!
Young Mums, mature Mums, partners of all ages, grandparents and friends……...many asking about health issues and seeking reassurances that they were doing the right thing.
1
‘Marketing Based Medicine’ – how bad is it?
It should be the scandal of the century.
It potentially affects the health of almost everyone.
Healthcare providers and consumers alike should be up in arms. But apart from coverage in a few credible news sources the problem of ‘Marketing Based Medicine,’ as psychiatrist Dr Peter Parry terms it, hasn’t as yet generated the kind of universal outrage one might expect.
Community Pharmacy Research - Are You Involved?
Government funding is always scarce and restricted.
If you are ever going to be a recipient of government funds you will need to fortify any application with evidence.
From a government perspective, this minimises risk.
I must admit that while I see evidence of research projects being managed by the PGA, I rarely see community pharmacists individually and actively engaged in the type of research that would further their own aims and objectives (and survival).
Organisational Amnesia and the Lack of a Curator Inhibits Cultural Progress
Most of us leave a tremendous impact on pharmacies we work for (as proprietors, managers, contractors or employees)—in ways we’re not even aware of.
But organisational memories are often all too short, and without a central way to record that impact and capture the knowledge and individual contributions, they become lost to time.
It is ironic that technology has provided us with phenomenal tools for communication and connection, but much of it has also sped up our work lives and made knowledge and memory at work much more ephemeral.
Academics on the payroll: the advertising you don't see
This article was first published in The Conversation and was written by Wendy Lipworth, University of Sydney and Ian Kerridge, University of Sydney
In the endless drive to get people’s attention, advertising is going ‘native’, creeping in to places formerly reserved for editorial content. In this Native Advertising series we find out what it looks like, if readers can tell the difference, and more importantly, whether they care.
i2P has republished the article as it supports our own independent and ongoing investigations on how drug companies are involved in marketing-based medicine rather than evidence-based medicine.
I’ve been thinking about admitting wrong.
Editor's Note: This is an early article by Mark Neuenschwander we have republished after the soul-searching surrounding a recent Australian dispensing error involving methotrexate.
Hmm. There’s more than one way you could take that, huh? Like Someday when I get around to it (I’m not sure) I may admit that I was wrong about something. Actually, I’ve been thinking about the concept of admitting wrong. So don’t get your hopes up. No juicy confessions this month except that I wish it were easier for me to admit when I have been wrong or made a mistake.
Brian Goldman, an ER physician from Toronto, is host of the award-winning White Coat, Black Art on CBC Radio and slated to deliver the keynote at The unSUMMIT for Bedside Barcoding in Anaheim this May. His TED lecture, entitled, “Doctors make mistakes. Can we talk about it?” had already been viewed by 386,072 others before I watched it last week.
Dispensing errors – a ripple effect of damage
Kay Dunkley - BPharm, Grad Dip Hosp Pharm, Grad Dip Health Admin, MPS, MSHPA
Most readers will be aware of recent publicity relating to dispensing errors and in particular to deaths caused by methotrexate being incorrectly packed in dose administration aids.
The Pharmacy Board of Australia (PBA), in its Communique of 13 June 2014, described a methotrexate packing error leading to the death of a patient and noted “extra vigilance is required to be exercised by pharmacists with these drugs”.
This same case was reported by A Current Affair (ACA) in its program on Friday 20 June http://aca.ninemsn.com.au/article/8863098/prescription-drug-warning
Take a vacation from your vocation
Have you ever had one of those days when all you could think was, “Gosh, do I need a vacation.”
Of course you have – because all work and no play aren’t good for anyone.
A vacation doesn’t have to be two weeks on a tropical island, or even a long weekend at the beach.
A vacation just means taking a break from your everyday activities.
A change of pace.
It doesn’t matter where.
Everyone needs a vacation to rejuvenate mentally and physically.
But did you also know that you can help boost our economy by taking some days off?
Call it your personal stimulus package.
Explainer: what is peer review?
This article was first published in the Conversation. It caught our eye because "peer review" it is one of the standards for evidence-based medicines that has also been corrupted by global pharma.
The article is republished by i2P as part of its ongoing investigation into scientific fraud and was writtenby Andre Spicer, City University London and Thomas Roulet, University of Oxford
We’ve all heard the phrase “peer review” as giving credence to research and scholarly papers, but what does it actually mean?
How does it work?
Peer review is one of the gold standards of science. It’s a process where scientists (“peers”) evaluate the quality of other scientists' work. By doing this, they aim to ensure the work is rigorous, coherent, uses past research and adds to what we already knew.
Most scientific journals, conferences and grant applications have some sort of peer review system. In most cases it is “double blind” peer review. This means evaluators do not know the author(s), and the author(s) do not know the identity of the evaluators.
The intention behind this system is to ensure evaluation is not biased.
The more prestigious the journal, conference, or grant, the more demanding will be the review process, and the more likely the rejection. This prestige is why these papers tend to be more read and more cited.
Dentists from the dark side?
While dining out with an elderly friend, I noticed that he kept his false tooth plate in his shirt pocket. He had recently had seven amalgam-filled teeth removed, because he believed that their toxins were making him sick; but his new plate was uncomfortable. He had been treated by an 'holistic dentist'. Claiming to offer a "safe and healthier alternative" to conventional dentistry, are they committed to our overall health and wellbeing or are they promoting unjustified fear, unnecessarily extracting teeth and wasting our money?
Planning for Profit in 2015 – Your key to Business Success
We are now entering a new financial year and it’s a great time to reflect on last year and highlight those things that went well and those that may have impacted negatively in the pursuit of your goals.
It's also a great to spend some time re-evaluating your personal and business short, medium and long term goals in the light of events over the last year.
The achievement of your goals will in many cases be dependent on setting and aspiring to specific financial targets. It's important that recognise that many of your personal goals will require you to generate sufficient business profits to fund those aspirations
ReWalk™ Personal Exoskeleton System Cleared by FDA for Home Use
Exoskeleton leader ReWalk Robotics announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has cleared the company’s ReWalk Personal System for use at home and in the community.
ReWalk is a wearable robotic exoskeleton that provides powered hip and knee motion to enable individuals with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) to stand upright and walk.
ReWalk, the only exoskeleton with FDA clearance via clinical studies and extensive performance testing for personal use, is now available throughout the United States.
Attracting and Retaining Great People
Welcome to the new financial year in Australia.
For many in business the past year has been described as a challenging period.
Adjectives are a key feature of the English language. In the business lexicon their use can be, and often is evocative and stimulate creative images. But they can also contribute to inexact, emotional perceptions.
Throughout the financial pages of newspapers and business magazines adjectives abound.
References to “hot” money draw attention and comment. The recent wave of funds from Chinese investors, keen to remove their wealth from the jurisdiction and control of government regulations is creating a potential property bubble in Australia.
Updating Your Values - Extending Your Culture
Pharmacy culture is dormant.
Being comprised of values, unless each value is continually addressed, updated or deleted, entire organisations can stagnate (or entire professions such as the pharmacy profession).
Good values offer a strong sense of security, knowing that if you operate within the boundaries of your values, you will succeed in your endeavours.
Evidence-based medicine is broken. Why we need data and technology to fix it
The following article is reprinted from The Conversation and forms up part of our library collection on evidence-based medicines.
At i2P we also believe that the current model of evidence is so fractured it will never be able to be repaired.
All that can happen is that health professionals should independently test and verify through their own investigations what evidence exists to prescribe a medicine of any potency.
Health professionals that have patients (such as pharmacists) are ideally placed to observe and record the efficacy for medicines.
All else should confine their criticisms to their evidence of the actual evidence published.
If there are holes in it then share that evidence with the rest of the world.
Otherwise, do not be in such a hurry to criticise professions that have good experience and judgement to make a good choice on behalf of their patients, simply because good evidence has not caught up with reality.
Laropiprant is the Bad One; Niacin is/was/will always be the Good One
Orthomolecular Medicine News Service, July 25, 2014
Laropiprant is the Bad One; Niacin is/was/will always be the Good One
by W. Todd Penberthy, PhD
(OMNS July 25, 2014) Niacin has been used for over 60 years in tens of thousands of patients with tremendously favorable therapeutic benefit (Carlson 2005).
In the first-person NY Times best seller, "8 Weeks to a Cure for Cholesterol," the author describes his journey from being a walking heart attack time bomb to a becoming a healthy individual.
He hails high-dose niacin as the one treatment that did more to correct his poor lipid profile than any other (Kowalski 2001).
Culture Drive & Pharmacy Renewal
Deep within all of us we have a core set of values and beliefs that create the standards of behaviour that we align with when we set a particular direction in life.
Directions may change many times over a lifetime, but with life experiences and maturity values may increase in number or gain greater depth.
All of this is embraced under one word – “culture”.
When a business is born it will only develop if it has a sound culture, and the values that comprise that culture are initially inherent in the business founder.
A sound business culture equates to a successful business and that success is often expressed in the term “goodwill” which can be eventually translated to a dollar value.
ReWalk™ Personal Exoskeleton System Cleared by FDA for Home Use
Exoskeleton leader ReWalk Robotics announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has cleared the company’s ReWalk Personal System for use at home and in the community.
ReWalk is a wearable robotic exoskeleton that provides powered hip and knee motion to enable individuals with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) to stand upright and walk.
ReWalk, the only exoskeleton with FDA clearance via clinical studies and extensive performance testing for personal use, is now available throughout the United States.
Pharmacy 2014 - Pharmacy Management Conference
The brave new world of health and wellness is not the enemy of Pharmacy, it is its champion.
Australian futurist, Morris Miselowski, one of the world's leading business visionaries, will present the Opening Keynote address on Pharmacy's Future in the new Health and Wellness Landscape at 2.00pm on Wednesday July 30.
Morris believes the key to better health care could already be in your pocket, with doctors soon set to prescribe iPhone apps, instead of pills.
Technology will revolutionise the health industry - a paradigm shift from healthcare to personal wellness.
Health and wellness applications on smartphones are already big news, and are dramatically changing the way we manage our personal health and everyday wellness.
Generation and Application of Community Pharmacy Research
Editor’s Note: We have had a number of articles in this issue relating to pharmacy research.
The PGA has conducted a number of research initiatives over the years, including one recently reported in Pharmacy News that resulted from an analysis of the QCPP Patient Questionnaire.
Pharmacy Guild president, George Tambassis, appears to have authored the article following, and there also appears to be a disconnect between the survey report and its target audience illustrated by one of the respondent comments published.
I have asked Mark Coleman to follow through, elaborate and comment:
"Wet Brain: Alcohol and the Brain".
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PDF version | Dr Andrew Byrne & Associates |
A Harm-Minimisation Research Perspective: Dr Byrne (and his associates) advocate for better policies which are proven to reduce risks for drug users and the general community, under a framework in parallel with Australia’s official policy of harm minimisation. | |
This is the latest report below from Dr Byrne who has resumed the series at Concord Hospital. Dr Paul Haber, the presenter, oversaw the methadone clinic research conducted in the Alfred Hospital out-clinic in 2000-2001 as part of the national methadone project which showed that methadone maintenance was comparable or superior in primary care than clinics. This laid a basis for the expansion of methadone provision by community pharmacies. Analysing the figures, from about 22,000 methadone maintenance in 1997, it had grown to > 40,000 in 2002 and may be near 45,000 in pharmacies. Over that time of course, heroin availability has fallen markedly.
Wet Brain: Alcohol and the Brain - delirium, confabulation, amnesia, and collapse.
In this seminar, Dr Paul Haber looked at the ways alcohol affects the brain, both “direct” effects (intoxication, dependence, withdrawal, hallucinosis and sleep disturbance) and “indirect” effects, ranging from Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome to head injury, stroke, intracranial haemorrhage and epilepsy.
The corpus callosum, cerebellum and mamillary bodies are areas of the brain most prone to the effects of alcohol, but indeed the whole brain is sensitive to the effects of alcohol. The extent of this susceptibility is perhaps best seen in the globally impaired brain development of the foetal alcohol syndrome.
(Dr Haber reminded us to be vigilant: FAS is often first diagnosed in adulthood, and that even late identification and management may improve people’s functioning in life.)
Multiple pathology is the rule rather than the exception, even when only alcohol is the injurious agent (as opposed to injury, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, thiamine deficiency etc).
While dopaminergic and opioid neurochemical in the “brain reward pathways” underlie the phenomena of dependence and craving, the syndrome of alcohol withdrawal results from alcohol’s effects at ligand-gated ion channels, especially GABA-A & NMDA receptors. Adaptive changes in response to chronic alcohol consumption, including desensitization of GABA-A and up-regulation of NMDA receptors, lead to the hyperexcitable state of the CNS in alcohol withdrawal.
Alcohol withdrawal seizures are an important example of this CNS hyperexcitability. They tend to occur in the first 24 hours of alcohol withdrawal and 90% occur within 48 hours. They occur in 10% of hospital series of alcohol withdrawal (they may be less common in community practice). Risk is proportional to the prior level of alcohol consumption. They are generalised tonic-clonic in 95%, and most are uncomplicated and self limiting, however they are multiple in 25%. The EEG is normal in 90% of cases. Seizures are more likely to happen in people who are metabolically unwell. Alcohol also predisposes to seizures in epilepsy and to brain injury which can be a cause of seizures.
Benzodiazepines are effective treatment for alcohol withdrawal (see Cochrane review, Amato et al 2010). Further, in a study of chronic alcohol users who presented to Boston emergency departments after a witnessed, generalized seizure, treatment with intravenous lorazepam was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of recurrent seizures (D’Onofrio et al, N Engl J Med 1999 340:915-9.)
We were reminded that in ambulatory settings, claims to have had alcohol-related seizures may more commonly come from people trying to get benzodiazepines, than from true cases.
Dr Haber mentioned alcoholic hallucinosis, a rare syndrome (0.6% hospitalised alcoholics; Soyka 2008) which needs to be distinguished from the hallucinations of delerium tremens (DTs) and also from alcohol-related psychotic disorder. They are typically auditory hallucinations, and may be accompanied by paranoia, but with preserved insight. The key to diagnosis is that they occur with a clear sensorium. They may occur while drinking and persist during withdrawal, but the majority settle with abstinence. (Dr Peter Tucker however reminded us that most cases of people hearing voices while drinking alcohol will be chronic schizophrenics, as this condition is relatively common and many schizophrenics “self-medicate” with alcohol and other drugs).
Another organic brain syndrome related to alcohol is hepatic encephalopathy. There may be impaired cognitive function, but importantly, this is reversible in early stages, and treatment with lactulose is effective. Most people with hepatic encephalopathy are jaundiced, but bilirubin excretion may be preserved: the mechanism of encephalopathy involves porto-systemic shunting.
The essential neuropathology of direct alcohol-related brain damage is white matter atrophy with reduced brain weight. Myelination and axonal integrity are involved. There can also be grey matter neuronal loss, and large neurons are most susceptible, the same neurons affected by Alzheimer’s disease and ageing. These changes are reversible in experimental animals with alcohol abstinence.
Alcohol is toxic to the brain independent of thiamine deficiency, but the latter probably causes most of the problem we see in clinical practice, including the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS).
Thiamine pyrophosphate is a co-factor in oxidative decarboxylation of á-keto acids. Plant seeds are the major dietary source, but thiamine is removed in processing of white flour and rice. Dr Haber mentioned Dr Clive Harper, of Sydney University, who lead the battle to supplement Australian flour with thiamine, leading to a reduced incidence of deficiency states.
Dr Harper’s recent review of “The neuropathology of alcohol-related brain damage” (Alcohol. 2009 Mar-Apr 44(2):136-40.) is available free on Pubmed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19147798
Thiamine is highly water soluble, and is lost in cooking. Average requirements are 1 mg/day. Heavy users of alcohol have reduced dietary intake, reduced absorption and increased requirements, partly owing their unbalanced, carbohydrate heavy diets.
The classic triad of Wernicke’s enecephalopathy is present in only 10% of cases, so many cases probably go undiagnosed, or are first diagnosed at autopsy. Confusion is the most common manifestation, with ataxia present in 23% and nystagmus in 29% (with or without horizontal gaze or other palsy)
Wernicke’s is a medical emergency: rapid treatment with parenteral thiamine is highly successful, as the changes are largely reversible, while delayed treatment may result in permanent severe disability.
A Cochrane review concluded there is insufficient evidence to guide treatment with thiamine (other than to say 200mg better than 5mg!). However, the usual practice is to give it prophylactically in all alcohol users admitted to hospital, as 100mg tds 3-5 days, then 100mg daily until abstinent >3 months (which may mean indefinitely). Thiamine is given parenterally if the patient is unwell or receiving IV fluids, and parenteral treatment should always commence prior to IV glucose, as a carbohydrate load may precipitate Wernicke’s enecephalopathy. If there is any suggestion of confusion or WKS, thiamine should be given 100mg tds by IVI or IMI.
The chronic phase of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Korsakoff’s psychosis, is dense anterograde amnesia with confabulation, apathy and gross functional impairment, reflecting damage to the anterior nucleus of thalamus. Estimated prevalence is 12% in alcoholics, so it is still common. It may overlap with features of alcohol-related cerebrocortical degeneration, including frontal lobe syndrome (with impaired abstract thinking and executive function, disinhibition and personality change) and pre-senile dementia.
Diagnosis requires a history of harmful alcohol use, and exclusion of other explanations for symptoms (eg diazepam use). Bed-side tests of cognition like the Mini Mental State Examination are usually sufficient, however MMSE is not sensitive to early disease (Manning et al 2007). The Clock test is moderately sensitive and specific and very quick and very cheap! (Pinto and Peters Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009 27(3):201-13). Formal neuropsychiatric testing is useful to determine functional capacity and in doubtful cases, but is costly, time consuming and difficult to do in this population. Dr Haber considers it is over-ordered.
The etiology of alcohol-related cerebellar damage, like Wernicke’s, has a nutritional component, and these syndromes may overlap, or even form a continuum; but unlike Wernicke’s, cerebellar damage evolves subacutely over months & is often not fully reversible. Characteristically, there are wide-based stance and gait, with the legs worse affected than the than arms, while speech and ocular movements are relatively spared. The cerebellum also involved in perception and executive functions and memory, so cerebellar damage may contribute to cognitive deficits. Treatment involves alcohol abstinence, thiamine and multivitamins.
Alcohol is associated with stroke by a J-shaped curve, like cardiovascular disease. Moderate consumption lowers stroke risk but there is 4-5 times increased risk at high levels of consumption. Heavy drinking is associated with smoking and with hypertension. Brain haemorrhage (arachnoid, intracranial and subdural) needs to be considered in any confused or obtunded person with a history of harmful alcohol use. A rare but important alcohol-related problem is central pontine myelinolysis, causing quadriparesis and locked in syndrome, when hyponatremia is too rapidly corrected. Diagnosis is confirmed by MRI.
Finally, an estimated 50-75% of traumatic brain injury is associated with substance use, but 50% of cases do not present to hospital, and previous brain injury is often overlooked in clinical history and examination. Alcohol use is associated with poorer prognosis and delayed recovery from brain injury which in turn is associated with poor outcomes of alcohol treatment.
Indeed, most “talking therapy” is cognitively intensive and may be beyond the capacity of people with alcohol-related brain damage, in terms of reasoning skills, attention skills and memory. One needs either to adapt the program or discontinue it. Rehabilitation services present a particular challenge: the patient who most needs this treatment is least likely to benefit from it.
CASE STUDIES:
In the second half, three Case Studies of the Bach Siblings were worked through, to show the need to consider a range of causes for collapse, confusion, and ataxia in heavy drinkers.
Wilhelm Friedrich Bach, a 58 year old male disability pensioner was brought in to the Emergency Department by ambulance, hypothermic (oral temperature 34) after being found lying supine on the footpath in an inner city street, smelling of alcohol. He had been drinking daily since the age of 25.
He was conscious with no neurological deficit but had a deep laceration to his scalp. There were marked hepatomegaly and epigastric tenderness. Haemoglobin was 94 and WBC 13.9 x 109/L. LFTs were consistent with alcoholic hepatitis. Coagulation parameters were normal. Cerebral CT was reported normal.
Hypotheses for his collapse included alcohol intoxication, sepsis, myocardial infarction, gastrointestinal bleeding, head injury, seizure, other drug use ….
Oral thiamine 100mg bd and alcohol withdrawal scale (AWS) were started, reaching a maximum 7 on the 3rd day of admission. Oral diazepam was given, totalling 20mg, 30mg and 60mg on the first 3 days. On the 4th day the patient showed flat affect, slow speech and had a gross tremor of both hands, and a wide-based ataxic gait. Mini Mental State Examination score was 24/30. The patient was disoriented in time and place with poor performance evident in short term recall, abstract thinking and construction.
The differential diagnosis of his ataxia and confusion included cerebellar disease, Wernicke’s and alcohol-related cerebrocortical damage. Review of his cerebral CT showed global atrophy, suggesting the possibility of repeated traumatic injury in the past.
2 weeks after admission, his activities of daily living had improved to the point where he was considered suitable for placement in the rehabilitation hostel level.
His younger brother, Carl Philip Emmanuel Bach, a 46 year old male on sickness benefits, was brought in by ambulance with a 3 day history of being essentially bed-bound; unable to walk, he had been crawling to the bathroom and showered sitting on the floor. He was currently drinking about 300g-400g alcohol/day, and had been admitted to hospital on several occasions for alcohol withdrawal-related seizures.
Hypotheses for his inability to walk included cerebellar disease, Wernicke’s and alcohol-and malnutrition-related muscle wasting.
On examination, he had profound truncal and gait ataxia, pronounced scanning dystharthria, and symmetrical vertical and horizontal nystagmus; dysmetria (finger-nose past-pointing), dysdiadochokinesia and heel-shin ataxia. Limb muscle power, tone and reflexes were normal but there were diminished light touch sensation in the hands, and diminished light touch and pin-prick sensation and proprioception in the feet.
Investigations: he had negative serology for HIV, and screen for a range of neuronal antibodies was negative; cerebral CT was reported as showing generalised cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. There was no enhancement of the mamillary bodies with contrast (a radiological sign of necrosis at this site in Wernicke's disease). Electromyogram was consistent with moderate-severe peripheral neuropathy.
The diagnosis of alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, with severe midline and lateral cerebellar dysfunction, was made. After 4 months in the rehabilitation ward, he remained unsafe walking even with support, and hostel accommodation was required.
Ms PDQ Bach, 52 years old, was brought in by ambulance after falling down the stairs at home. She had been drinking daily since the age of 30. She had previously worked as an auditor but had been unable to work for the previous 4 years; she had been lately prone to leaving the house for a walk with the doors and windows wide open and no-one at home.
She was conscious and oriented with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 16. There were marked hepatomegaly and cerebellar ataxia. She was incontinent of urine and faeces. LFTs showed alcoholic hepatitis. Cervical spine and cerebral CTs were normal.
The hypotheses for her fall were similar to those for her elder brother. She too was given oral thiamine 100mg and an alcohol withdrawal scale (AWS) was commenced, The AWS peaked at 6 on the 3rd day, and a total of 50mg of diazepam was given on this day, 60mg on the fourth day and the final AWS-determined dose of diazepam at lunch time on day 5, however PRN diazepam continued.
On the 6th day, PDQ’s gait remained unsteady and shuffling and she was mildly disoriented and belligerent, with a MMSE score of 23. She did not see why she should stay in hospital, though she could not walk safely, and was still incontinent of urine.
Hypotheses for her mental state included Wernicke’s, alcohol-related cerebrocortical damage, and the effects of continuing diazepam.
On the 15th day, the patient attempted to leave the hospital, wandering, confused, disoriented, paranoid and agitated. On psychiatric assessment, she was determined to have no perceptual disturbances or evidence of paranoia, but evidence of confabulation. The Mini Mental State Examination score was 21/30 with poor registration and recall, abstract thinking, sentence repetition and design. She was treated with haloperidol 5mg orally, and risperidone to begin 0.5mg orally bd; a 24 hour attendant was arranged under 'duty of care' provisions.
Formal neuropsychiatric testing later showed impaired cognition, delayed information recall with inclusion of intrusive and incorrect information, slow psychomotor function, including slow page scanning; reduced awareness and insight; deficits in cognitive and semantic fluency, visuo-spacial and visuo-constructional skills. These were said to be all consistent with alcoholic brain damage: further the memory problems were considered consistent with Korsakoff's syndrome.
Nine weeks after admission, the patient was still awaiting suitable placement.
In each of these cases, Dr Haber suggested thiamine should ideally have been given parenterally in the emergency department, rather than orally.
Written by Richard Hallinan FAChAM based on talk and power point presentation by Prof Paul Haber on Tuesday 20th April 2010 at Concord Hospital as part of the Concord Dependency Seminar Series. http://dependencyseminars.blogspot.com/
Return to homeResearch Reports
Staff Researcher: First discovery of a direct molecular link between obesity and type 2 diabetesPractice Development
Neil Johnston: Organisational Amnesia and the Lack of a Curator Inhibits Cultural Progress | open full screen
Kay Dunkley - BPharm, Grad Dip Hosp Pharm, Grad Dip Health Admin, MPS, MSHPA: Dispensing errors – a ripple effect of damage | open full screen
Fiona Sartoretto Verna AIAPP: Intensive Exposition without crossing over with a supermarket | open full screen
Information Technology
Dr David More: Weekly Australian Health IT Links – 30th June, 2014Preventive Medicine
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